- He points out methodological flaws and problematic causal inferences drawn from their research.
- Major flaws in correcting for SES without accounting for the correction of race because of the high correlation between race and SES.
- Analysis is biased because it attributes most variation to SES and only the residual to race, rather than investigating the reverse.
- De Leeuw presents alternative regression analyses to the analyses in the reports of Armor, Achilles and Reschly.
- In contrast to Armor’s and Reschly’s findings, de Leeuw finds that Race Gap remains substantial after correcting for SES.