- First Generation segregation in CMS was never fully eliminated.
- School districts practices and policies have subverted Swann’s mandate.
- There is Second Generation Segregation (tracking) in CMS.
- Segregation impairs all students academic achievement .
- Blacks are more likely than Whites to be disadvantaged by segregation in school.
- The greater proportion of a student’s elementary school education that takes place in a racially isolated Black elementary school, the lower the student scores on standardized tests and the lower his/her track placement in secondary school.
- Blacks suffer the greatest harms of these dynamics because they are more likely to be found in racially segregated black schools.
- Track placement is influenced by student’s race. Black students are more likely to be found in lower tracks than White students with comparable prior achievement, family background, and other individual characteristics including self reported effort.
- Track placement, in turn, exerts an extremely powerful effect on high school grades and scores on standardized tests, including the SAT.